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Hammons first devised African American Flag for the exhibition Black USA at the Museum Overholland in Amsterdam in spring 1990.

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Hammons created this version of African American Flag—one in an edition of 10—for the exhibition Who’s Ice Is Colder at Jack Tilton Gallery in New York in fall 1990. The installation featured African American Flag alongside the flags of South Korea and Yemen. Each of the flags was suspended above an oil drum containing a block of ice that gradually melted—a sly send-up on the rivalries that existed among the three communities over the ownership of neighborhood corner stores and bodegas throughout New York City.

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African American Flag reimagines the United States flag, replacing its colors with the red, green, and black of the Pan-African Universal Negro Improvement Association, founded in 1914. Hammons created this version—one in an edition of ten—for an exhibition at Jack Tilton Gallery in New York City in 1990. The installation featured African American Flag as well as the flags of South Korea and Yemen, each suspended above an oil drum containing a block of ice that gradually melted. Titled Who’s Ice Is Colder, the presentation slyly parodied the rivalries that existed among residents from the three communities over the ownership of neighborhood corner stores and bodegas throughout New York City.

Hammons’s African American Flag reimagines the United States flag, replacing its colors with the red, green, and black of the Pan-African Universal Negro Improvement Association, founded in 1914.