Star Spangled Flag Makers The Flag Today Return to the US Flag History Index Page To the Vexillology Page To the Maine Flags Pages To the New England Vexillological Assn. Page To the New England Journal of Vexillology Page To the New England Flag Page Dave Martucci 240 Calderwood Rd Washington, Maine 04574-3440 USA 1 (207) 845-2857 vex@vexman.net Web design by: Dave Martucci (vex@vexman.net) © 1997 DAVID BOICE MARTUCCI - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

A Medal presented in 1790 to General Daniel Morgan in honor of the victory at Cowpens, in 1781, shows three Eagle Standards.

Northern Ireland can be thought of topographically as a saucer centred on Lough (lake) Neagh, the upturned rim of which forms the highlands. Five of the six historic counties—Antrim, Down, Armagh, Tyrone, and Londonderry—meet at the lake, and each has a highland region on the saucer’s rim. To the north and east the mountains of Antrim (physiographically a plateau) tilt upward toward the coast. They reach an elevation of 1,817 feet (554 metres) at Trostan, with the plateau terminating in an impressive cliff coastline of basalts and chalk that is broken by a series of the glaciated valleys known as glens, which face Scotland and are rather isolated from the rest of Northern Ireland. The rounded landscape of drumlins—smooth, elongated mounds left by the melting ice of the final Pleistocene glaciation—in the southeast is punctuated by Slieve Croob, which rises to 1,745 feet (532 metres), and culminates in the Mourne Mountains, which reach an elevation of 2,789 feet (850 metres) at Slieve Donard (Northern Ireland’s highest point) within 2 miles (3 km) of the sea. This impressive landscape of granite peaks is bounded by Carlingford Lough to the south.

By far the most important evidence of the usage of this design by the army comes from the Society of Cincinnati, the association of Continental Officiers formed in 1783. The Society's Diploma shows an Eagle Standard held by a warrior. Later, in 1786, the Society adopted "The Standard of the Society, of silk, imitating the Standard of the United States, having thirteen blue and white stripes alternate; in the upper corner of which to be painted the bald eagle."

The Flag Today Return to the US Flag History Index Page To the Vexillology Page To the Maine Flags Pages To the New England Vexillological Assn. Page To the New England Journal of Vexillology Page To the New England Flag Page Dave Martucci 240 Calderwood Rd Washington, Maine 04574-3440 USA 1 (207) 845-2857 vex@vexman.net Web design by: Dave Martucci (vex@vexman.net) © 1997 DAVID BOICE MARTUCCI - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

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A Silk Standard of 13 white and red stripes with an Eagle Canton is in the possession of Independence Hall in Philadelphia. It's tradition states that it was presented by Congress to General Philip John Schuyler at the close of the Revolutionary War, probably sometime shortly after 1782.

Other sources also show variations of this design. Charles Wilson Peale, who served as a captain in the Revolutionary War, painted many portraits during the war and some of these show this flag. Specifically, a portrait of Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Smith of the Maryland Militia (in possession of Independence Hall) and a large group portrait (now in the State House at Annapolis) showing Washington, Lafayette, and Colonel Tench Tilghman at Yorktown.

It was not until 1912, actually, when the Executive Department first issued specifications detailing the exact design for United States Flags that this emblem finally fell out of use.

Eagle Flags became quite popular during the period from c. 1800 until the Civil War. Many examples can be cited: the flag used by General John Fremont, the pathfinder of the west, which subtituted a calumet or peace pipe for the olive branches so that the Indians could understand the symbolism; many of the regimental flags used in the Mexican War were Eagle Standards; during the Civil War, Northern troops frequently fought under Eagle Standards, many of which are still preserved.

Another eagle flag, still in use today, is the "ensign" of the United States Coast Guard, which was adopted in 1799 and modified in 1910 by the addition of a seal in the fly. It shows 16 vertical stripes (the correct number of states in 1799) with a white canton that has a blue eagle on it.

Since the 1920s, when Northern Ireland was officially separated from Ireland, it has been tormented by sectarian violence. Notwithstanding the peacemaking efforts that began in earnest in the mid-1990s, Northern Ireland is still best navigated by those who are skilled in the shibboleths and cultural codes that demarcate its peoples, governing which football (soccer) team to cheer for, which whiskey to drink, and which song to sing. The complexity of those political markers is captured in a graffito once scrawled on Belfast walls that read “If you are not confused you don’t understand the situation.” But, Northern Ireland’s political fortunes subsequently have changed for the better, and with that change has come a flourishing of the arts, so that increasingly outsiders associate the country not with violent politics but with the poems of Seamus Heaney, the music of Van Morrison, and other contributions to world culture.

During the Revolutionary War, Washington corresponded on many occasions with the Board of War regarding "the standard of the U. States," but it was not until 1783 that such Standards were supplied to the army. The actual design of these Standards is not explicitly stated in the correspondence but can be infered from other sources. The New York Historical Society possesses a home-spun flag that is hand sewen and features a hand-painted Eagle reputedly of Revolutionary vintage. Although this flag has no authenticated history associated with it, it is similar in its details and construction to probably date from this period.

Much of the landscape of Northern Ireland is gentle, and in most low-lying areas it is covered with swarms of drumlins that have played havoc with the local drainage and are interspersed with marshy hollows. Glaciation also gave the land its main valleys: those of the River Bann (which drains Lough Neagh to the Atlantic Ocean) in the north, the River Blackwater in the southwest, and the River Lagan in the east. All these valleys have been important routeways, but none have been more important than the Lagan, penetrating from Belfast Lough to the very heart of Ulster.

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After the Revolutionary War, this design became in usage a sort of government flag used to represent the soverign nature of these States. Even on ships, where the stars and stripes usually was supreme, the Eagle flag could be found on official holidays and on forts and installations representing the United States around the world. (See the painting by Jonathan Budington of the "Cannon House and Wharf" painted probably in 1812. Note the huge flag over the fort bears 17 stripes.)

In proximity to Scotland and to sea channels leading to England and Wales, Northern Ireland has long witnessed generations of newcomers and emigrants, including Celts from continental Europe and Vikings, Normans, and Anglo-Saxons. In the 17th century, the period of the so-called Ulster plantation, thousands of Scottish Presbyterians were forcibly resettled and English military garrisons built, arrivals that would institutionalize the ethnic, religious, and political differences that eventually resulted in violent conflict.

"A New Constellation" Great Star Flags Star Spangled Flag Makers The Flag Today Return to the US Flag History Index Page To the Vexillology Page To the Maine Flags Pages To the New England Vexillological Assn. Page To the New England Journal of Vexillology Page To the New England Flag Page Dave Martucci 240 Calderwood Rd Washington, Maine 04574-3440 USA 1 (207) 845-2857 vex@vexman.net Web design by: Dave Martucci (vex@vexman.net) © 1997 DAVID BOICE MARTUCCI - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

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Northern Ireland occupies about one-sixth of the island of Ireland and is separated on the east from Scotland, another part of the United Kingdom, by the narrow North Channel, which is at one point only 13 miles (21 km) wide. The Irish Sea separates Northern Ireland from England and Wales on the east and southeast, respectively, and the Atlantic Ocean lies to the north. The southern and western borders are with the republic of Ireland.

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To the Vexillology Page To the Maine Flags Pages To the New England Vexillological Assn. Page To the New England Journal of Vexillology Page To the New England Flag Page Dave Martucci 240 Calderwood Rd Washington, Maine 04574-3440 USA 1 (207) 845-2857 vex@vexman.net Web design by: Dave Martucci (vex@vexman.net) © 1997 DAVID BOICE MARTUCCI - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Soils are varied. Although much glacially transported material covers the areas below 700 feet (215 metres) in elevation, the nature of the soil is predominantly influenced by the underlying parent rock. Brown earth soils, forming arable loams, are extensive and are derived from the ancient Silurian rocks of the southeast—some 420 million years old—and from the more recent basalts of the northeast. There are peaty gleys and podzols in the Sperrins, and the impeded drainage of much of the southwest gives rise to acidic brown soil. Peat soils are common, particularly in the hollows lying between the drumlins, and hill peat is widespread throughout Northern Ireland. Although it is of no great commercial value, peat traditionally has been a source of fuel for the peasant farmer and is still cut extensively.

Great Star Flags Star Spangled Flag Makers The Flag Today Return to the US Flag History Index Page To the Vexillology Page To the Maine Flags Pages To the New England Vexillological Assn. Page To the New England Journal of Vexillology Page To the New England Flag Page Dave Martucci 240 Calderwood Rd Washington, Maine 04574-3440 USA 1 (207) 845-2857 vex@vexman.net Web design by: Dave Martucci (vex@vexman.net) © 1997 DAVID BOICE MARTUCCI - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Before the Stripes The Continental Colors The "Rebellious Stripes" "A New Constellation" Great Star Flags Star Spangled Flag Makers The Flag Today Return to the US Flag History Index Page To the Vexillology Page To the Maine Flags Pages To the New England Vexillological Assn. Page To the New England Journal of Vexillology Page To the New England Flag Page Dave Martucci 240 Calderwood Rd Washington, Maine 04574-3440 USA 1 (207) 845-2857 vex@vexman.net Web design by: Dave Martucci (vex@vexman.net) © 1997 DAVID BOICE MARTUCCI - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

The Continental Colors The "Rebellious Stripes" "A New Constellation" Great Star Flags Star Spangled Flag Makers The Flag Today Return to the US Flag History Index Page To the Vexillology Page To the Maine Flags Pages To the New England Vexillological Assn. Page To the New England Journal of Vexillology Page To the New England Flag Page Dave Martucci 240 Calderwood Rd Washington, Maine 04574-3440 USA 1 (207) 845-2857 vex@vexman.net Web design by: Dave Martucci (vex@vexman.net) © 1997 DAVID BOICE MARTUCCI - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

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It is regretable that this beautiful Flag design has recieved so little attention over the last few decades. The illustration at the head of this section is not a copy of any particular flag, rather it is a reconstruction of a type of flag design that may have been used c. 1824.

The scenery to the south of Lough Neagh is gentler, but the land rises to 1,886 feet (575 metres) in Slieve Gullion near the border with Ireland. West of Lough Neagh the land rises gently to the more rounded Sperrin Mountains; Sawel, at 2,224 feet (678 metres), is the highest of several hills over 2,000 feet (610 metres). The far southwest, the historic County Fermanagh, is focused geographically on the basin of Lough Erne, in a drumlin-strewn area ringed by hills more than 1,000 feet (300 metres) high.

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In 1782, after much debate and many suggestions, the U.S. Congress adopted the Great Seal or Coat of Arms, which is still basically the same today (and which can be found on the reverse side of the one dollar bill). This design features the Bald Eagle holding a shield composed of 13 pales (vertical stripes) representing the states and a blue chief (upper third of the shield) representing Congress and, in the talons of the Eagle, a bundle of arrows and some olive branches representing the authority of Congress in matters of Peace and War.

Return to the US Flag History Index Page To the Vexillology Page To the Maine Flags Pages To the New England Vexillological Assn. Page To the New England Journal of Vexillology Page To the New England Flag Page Dave Martucci 240 Calderwood Rd Washington, Maine 04574-3440 USA 1 (207) 845-2857 vex@vexman.net Web design by: Dave Martucci (vex@vexman.net) © 1997 DAVID BOICE MARTUCCI - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

The capital is Belfast, a modern city whose historic centre was badly damaged by aerial bombardment during World War II. Once renowned for its shipyards—the Titanic was built there—Belfast has lost much of its industrial base. The city—as with Northern Ireland’s other chief cities Londonderry (known locally and historically as Derry) and Armagh—is graced with parks and tidy residential neighbourhoods. More handsome still is the Northern Irish countryside—green, fertile, and laced with rivers and lakes, all of which have found lyrical expression in the nation’s folk and artistic traditions.

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The "Rebellious Stripes" "A New Constellation" Great Star Flags Star Spangled Flag Makers The Flag Today Return to the US Flag History Index Page To the Vexillology Page To the Maine Flags Pages To the New England Vexillological Assn. Page To the New England Journal of Vexillology Page To the New England Flag Page Dave Martucci 240 Calderwood Rd Washington, Maine 04574-3440 USA 1 (207) 845-2857 vex@vexman.net Web design by: Dave Martucci (vex@vexman.net) © 1997 DAVID BOICE MARTUCCI - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

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Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, lying in the northeastern quadrant of the island of Ireland, on the western continental periphery often characterized as Atlantic Europe. Northern Ireland is sometimes referred to as Ulster, although it includes only six of the nine counties which made up that historic Irish province.