Black-red-gold federal flags made a grand entrance during the so-called peaceful revolution in East Germany in 1989 with protesters against the SED regime waving black-red-gold flags — but without the state symbols of the GDR.

The corps owed its fame not least to notable members such as Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, who was nicknamed "Turnvater" (father of gymnastics) because of his sports achievements, the Romantic Age composer Carl Maria von Weber and the writer Theodor Körner, who dedicated his popular poem Lützow's Wild Hunt to the regiment.

(2) Every person who is in control of an apartment building, a condominium building or building in divided co-ownership or another multiple-residence building ...

This was preceded by a bitter "flag dispute" between republicans, who demanded black-red-gold, and monarchists and communists, who wanted an all-red flag.

At the Hambach Festival in 1832, a huge festival of the democracy movement, yellow, red and black striped flags were waved. The French tricolor flag was then countered by a German tricolor one.

The coat of arms was used on a white field until the reign of Maria II in 1830. Her flag featured the coat of arms on a split field of blue and white, and it ...

There was also continued wrangling over the use of the "federal eagle" on the jerseys of the German national soccer and handball teams.

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The black-red-gold flag remained the state flag until September 1935. At a Nuremberg Nazi Party Rally, not only were the "race laws" passed, but the Nazi swastika flag was also declared the national flag. At the same time, Jews were forbidden to hoist it.

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In 1848, in Frankfurt, the Bundestag (parliament), like the German National Assembly, declared black-red-gold to be the colors of the German Confederation or the German Reich that was to be founded. Thus, black-red-gold flags flew on some of Berlin's barricades during the revolution of 1848/49, just as they did at the German National Assembly in Frankfurt's St. Paul's Church.

The Lützow Free Corps also made a name for itself through its appearance: black uniforms, red insignia and gold buttons. The black was born out of necessity — the volunteers brought their own uniforms. To make them look as similar as possible, it was easiest to dye them black. Other colors were hard to come by at the time.

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The roots of the black-red-gold triad were long thought to have been in the Middle Ages. Although the coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation showed a black eagle with red legs against a gold background, those were not the official colors of the empire.

Anyone waving the flag at a national team match, for example, was formally committing a public offense that could be punished with a fine.

This "federal service flag is reserved for official agencies of the federal government," the Federal Ministry of the Interior clarified at the time.

European soccer championship enthusiasts like to wear their national colors. Germany's fans sport black, red and gold. The colors have a checkered history.

These colors were adopted by the forces forming in Germany in the early 19th century, which called for a republic and national unity.

While Jahn remains controversial for antisemitic statements, Körner's war poem is steeped in patriotic fervor, reflecting the anti-French spirit of his era:

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That same year, the Parliamentary Council decided, with one dissenting vote, in favor of black-red-gold as the colors of the state flag of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Following a long reflection process, the authors of Germany's new constitution, the Basic Law, added the following sentence into Article 22 in 1949: "The federal flag is black-red-gold."

The GDR had also declared black, red and gold to be the state flag, later adding onto it the emblem of a stylized hammer and a compass in the middle of a wreath of ears of corn.

In 1815, at the end of the liberation wars, student fraternities from all over Germany gathered in Jena to form a nationally united "Urburschenschaft" (Original Brotherhood) — largely initiated by Turnvater Jahn. They chose a vertically striped red-black-red flag with a golden branch in the middle, based on the colors of the Lützow uniforms.

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The excessive use and abuse of national symbols in Nazi Germany led to a more restrained approach after the end of the Second World War and the early days of the Federal Republic of Germany, established in 1949.

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On January 18, 1871, Otto von Bismarck read the Imperial Proclamation in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. The victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War (1870/1871) led to the founding of the German Empire.

Today the black-red-gold color-triad stands for a Germany open to the world. But right-wing extremist and racist demonstrators also misuse the black-red-gold flags for their own purposes.

The colors of Prussia, white and black, supplemented by the red of the Hanseatic cities, became the colors of the national flag.

In 1919, the National Assembly, which met in Weimar after the collapse of the German Empire, again designated black-red-gold as the flag of the newly founded Weimar Republic.

During the war, Prussian propaganda highlighted one fighting unit in particular: the volunteer corps of Major Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von Lützow, which then became known as the "Lützower Jäger" (Lützow hunters).

The color combination only became a political symbol in the aftermath of the War of the Sixth Coalition (also known as the "Wars of Liberation") beginning in 1813 against the French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte, who had occupied large parts of Germany.

But even the young state could not do without symbols, and in 1950 it added a national coat of arms to the black, red and gold flag: a stylized black eagle against a gold background with red claws looking to the right. A late descendant of the eagle that had fluttered on the coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.

But after the bloody suppression of the revolution, only the Prussian-dominated German Confederation remained, which no longer wanted anything to do with the democratic black-red-gold. In fact, the color combination was even banned in some German states.