See also: Use of the 1951 flag in 2011 Libya The flag in 1951 1:2, image by Abdul-Jawad Elhusuni, 13 December 2011 Proportions: 1:2 Source: World Encyclopedia of Flags [zna99], p. 105 (dimensions corrected) This is the flag adopted by Libya on independence in 1951. The flag continued in use until the overthrow of the monarchy in the military coup of 1969. The stripes represent the three constituent provinces of Cyrenaique (black), Fezzan (red) and Tripolitania (green). The colours are those of the Arab revolt flag. Vicent Morley 27 January 1997 In addition on the information by Vincent Morley above, here is information on the Libyan 1951 flag from that time and from the country itself: The source is the booklet The Libyan Flag & The National Anthem issued by the Ministry of Information and Guidance of the Kingdom of Libya. (Publication date unknown). THE NATIONAL FLAG From the Constitution of Libya issued on 7th October, 1951. Chapter I, Art. 7 The national flag shall have the following dimensions: Its length shall be twice its breadth, it shall be divided into three parallel coloured stripes, the uppermost being red, the centre black and the lowest green, the black stripe shall be equal in area to the two other stripes and shall bear in its centre a white crescent, between the two extremities of which there shall be a five-pointed white star. "The exact particulars of the Libyan National Flag prescribed by Article 7 of the Constitution shall be as follows: The red shall be sign red, and the green permanent green. The Crescent shall be on the hoistward side of the star, and the centre of the circle of which the crescent forms a part shall be in the centre of the flag. The star shall be in the open end of the crescent and one point of the star shall point to the centre of the circle. The maximum width of the 270 crescent shall equal 1/6th of its outside diameter which is 1/4th of the width of the flag. The distance between the tips of the crescent shall equal that between the uppermost and lowermost point of the star measured along a perpendicular forming the hoistward sides of these two points. The perpendicular shall form a tangent to the outside circumference of the crescent at a point equidistant from the top and bottom of the flag." The flag is an emblem of the state symbolic of sovereignty and fortitude. It is flown high and free on buildings and offices in main streets and by-roads, on Libyan Embassies abroad, at the U.N. porticos and international conferences or at celebrations in which the State is represented. Nations tend to create a halo of legends and tales around their flags which in fact reflects the procession of events and developments through which a country has passed. Libya is no different in this respect. Our coloured flag fluttering high in the sky is a source of pride which we associate with many episodes of chivalry and glory. In the words of a well known Arab poet "Our deeds are the colour of white, our battles of black, our meadows of green and our swords of red." Though books and journals say very little about the background, the story of the Libyan flag and its colours is a vivid one imprinted on our hearts and carefully treasured and passed by father to son from one generation to an other. It is the story of lifelong struggle and reward, the story of innocent lives and pure blood shed in the cause of freedom, liberation, and defence of our country, the story of the painful past, with its dark lonely night and the smiling future with peace and plenty for the whole nation, the story of life itself, evolution and progress, development and change, the bright future, the noble aims and the long march. The crescent is symbolic of the beginning of the lunar month according to the Moslem calendar. It brings back to our minds the story of Hijra (migration) of our prophet Mohammed from his home in order to spread Islam and teach the principles of right and virtue. The Star represents our smiling hope, the beauty of aim and object and the light of our belief in God, in our country, its dignity and honour which illuminate our way and puts an end to darkness. Every particle of soil in our dear country is soaked with the blood of innocent martyrs, every stone relates the story of continued struggle. They all stand as witness to the great sacrifices and the dear price paid for the sake of liberating our country. The flag of my country is likened to a narrator who will tell our story to the future generations, the story of the past, the present, and the bright days to come. Jos Poels 27 January 1997 The Sanussiyya leader became king and the Kingdom of Libya adopted a flag on 24 December 1951. On 7 September 1969 Gadaffi, Jallud and other young officers deposed the king and proclaimed the republic and the Pan-Arab flag (a red-white-black horizontal tricolour) was hoisted, at first unofficially and afterwards officially. On 1 January 1972 the yellow emblem (hawk of the Quraysh tribe) was added when Libya, Egypt and Syria formed the Federation of Arab Republics. In 1977 this flag was abolished in protest at the friendship between Sadat and Beguin and Sadat's visit to Jerusalem, but I think that a new flag was never officially adopted and use of the plain green flag remains provisional. Jaume Ollé, 29 September 1996 Construction sheet 1:2, image by Abdul-Jawad Elhusuni, 13 December 2011 [Click on image for full size version.] Roundel image by Esteban Rivera, 21 March 2011Image based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Libyan_Air_Force_roundel.svg The former roundel of the Libyan Air Force was the roundel of the Royal Libyan Air Force (Al Quwwat al Jawwiya al Malakiya al Libiyya). It most likely changed to the current roundel in 1970 when the name was changed to Libyan Arab Republic Air Force. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Air_Force#Cold_War The Fin flash was the flag of the Kingdom of Libya. Both claims (Roundel and Fin flash) can be corroborated on the following pictures of a Northrop's F-5 aircraft seen here: http://forum.keypublishing.co.uk/showthread.php?t=71092&highlight=f-5+libya (the aircraft on the picture is serial number 22551, verifiable to be dispatched to Libya as this source mentions so: http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/country-by-country/IRAN/Iranian_F_5_Serials.htm) Esteban Rivera, 21 March 2011 Flag of King Idris I Depiction in Flaggen und Wappen der Welt A-Z image by Karel Chobot Accepted around 1951, valid probably till the end of monarchy Source: Jiri Louda. Flaggen und Wappen der Welt A-Z. [lou72] Karel Chobot, 18 August 2003 Depiction in Flags of the World (1965) image by Martin Grieve, 13 August 2007 In Flags of The World 1965 by Barraclough [bar65], page 215, a different version is shown with the crescent and star being much smaller. The crown is of a different (although quite similar) style. Of the Lybian National flag 1951-1969, it is written: The black stripe and its charges were from the black flag which the king had adopted when he was proclaimed Amir of Cyrenaica in 1947;the red stripe represents Fezzen, and the green Tripolitania. The flag of the Amir mentioned above, with the addition of a white crown in the upper hoist, became the Royal Standard of the Amir when he became King of the United Kingdom of Libya. Martin Grieve, 13 August 2007

Every particle of soil in our dear country is soaked with the blood of innocent martyrs, every stone relates the story of continued struggle. They all stand as witness to the great sacrifices and the dear price paid for the sake of liberating our country.

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Both claims (Roundel and Fin flash) can be corroborated on the following pictures of a Northrop's F-5 aircraft seen here: http://forum.keypublishing.co.uk/showthread.php?t=71092&highlight=f-5+libya (the aircraft on the picture is serial number 22551, verifiable to be dispatched to Libya as this source mentions so: http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/country-by-country/IRAN/Iranian_F_5_Serials.htm) Esteban Rivera, 21 March 2011

"The exact particulars of the Libyan National Flag prescribed by Article 7 of the Constitution shall be as follows: The red shall be sign red, and the green permanent green. The Crescent shall be on the hoistward side of the star, and the centre of the circle of which the crescent forms a part shall be in the centre of the flag. The star shall be in the open end of the crescent and one point of the star shall point to the centre of the circle. The maximum width of the 270 crescent shall equal 1/6th of its outside diameter which is 1/4th of the width of the flag. The distance between the tips of the crescent shall equal that between the uppermost and lowermost point of the star measured along a perpendicular forming the hoistward sides of these two points. The perpendicular shall form a tangent to the outside circumference of the crescent at a point equidistant from the top and bottom of the flag."

The adoption of this new flag by the Fifth Regiment helped popularize the design. The Fifth was the largest component of Maryland's military after 1870, and it played a conspicuous part in major public events both in and out of the state. Organized in May 1867, the Fifth Regiment was the successor organization to the Old Maryland Guard, a military unit formed in Baltimore in 1859 that dissolved when most of its officers and men went south in 1861 to join the Confederate Army.

The Maryland flag has been described as the perfect state flag, bold colors, interesting patterns, and correct heraldry, a flag that fairly shouts "Maryland". The design of the flag comes from the shield in the coat of arms of the Calvert family, the colonial proprietors of Maryland. George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore, adopted a coat of arms that included a shield with alternating quadrants featuring the yellow and black colors of his paternal family and the red and white colors of his maternal family, the Crosslands. When the General Assembly in 1904 adopted a banner of this design as the state flag, a link was forged between modern-day Maryland and the very earliest chapter of the proprietorship of the Calvert family.

The flag of my country is likened to a narrator who will tell our story to the future generations, the story of the past, the present, and the bright days to come.

The black stripe and its charges were from the black flag which the king had adopted when he was proclaimed Amir of Cyrenaica in 1947;the red stripe represents Fezzen, and the green Tripolitania.

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image by Esteban Rivera, 21 March 2011Image based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Libyan_Air_Force_roundel.svg

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The former roundel of the Libyan Air Force was the roundel of the Royal Libyan Air Force (Al Quwwat al Jawwiya al Malakiya al Libiyya). It most likely changed to the current roundel in 1970 when the name was changed to Libyan Arab Republic Air Force. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Air_Force#Cold_War The Fin flash was the flag of the Kingdom of Libya.

Last modified: 2013-11-16 by ian macdonald Keywords: libya | tribar (horizontal) | crescent | star | crown | Links: FOTW homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors The flag in 1951 Construction sheet Roundel Flag of King Idris I See also: Use of the 1951 flag in 2011 Libya The flag in 1951 1:2, image by Abdul-Jawad Elhusuni, 13 December 2011 Proportions: 1:2 Source: World Encyclopedia of Flags [zna99], p. 105 (dimensions corrected) This is the flag adopted by Libya on independence in 1951. The flag continued in use until the overthrow of the monarchy in the military coup of 1969. The stripes represent the three constituent provinces of Cyrenaique (black), Fezzan (red) and Tripolitania (green). The colours are those of the Arab revolt flag. Vicent Morley 27 January 1997 In addition on the information by Vincent Morley above, here is information on the Libyan 1951 flag from that time and from the country itself: The source is the booklet The Libyan Flag & The National Anthem issued by the Ministry of Information and Guidance of the Kingdom of Libya. (Publication date unknown). THE NATIONAL FLAG From the Constitution of Libya issued on 7th October, 1951. Chapter I, Art. 7 The national flag shall have the following dimensions: Its length shall be twice its breadth, it shall be divided into three parallel coloured stripes, the uppermost being red, the centre black and the lowest green, the black stripe shall be equal in area to the two other stripes and shall bear in its centre a white crescent, between the two extremities of which there shall be a five-pointed white star. "The exact particulars of the Libyan National Flag prescribed by Article 7 of the Constitution shall be as follows: The red shall be sign red, and the green permanent green. The Crescent shall be on the hoistward side of the star, and the centre of the circle of which the crescent forms a part shall be in the centre of the flag. The star shall be in the open end of the crescent and one point of the star shall point to the centre of the circle. The maximum width of the 270 crescent shall equal 1/6th of its outside diameter which is 1/4th of the width of the flag. The distance between the tips of the crescent shall equal that between the uppermost and lowermost point of the star measured along a perpendicular forming the hoistward sides of these two points. The perpendicular shall form a tangent to the outside circumference of the crescent at a point equidistant from the top and bottom of the flag." The flag is an emblem of the state symbolic of sovereignty and fortitude. It is flown high and free on buildings and offices in main streets and by-roads, on Libyan Embassies abroad, at the U.N. porticos and international conferences or at celebrations in which the State is represented. Nations tend to create a halo of legends and tales around their flags which in fact reflects the procession of events and developments through which a country has passed. Libya is no different in this respect. Our coloured flag fluttering high in the sky is a source of pride which we associate with many episodes of chivalry and glory. In the words of a well known Arab poet "Our deeds are the colour of white, our battles of black, our meadows of green and our swords of red." Though books and journals say very little about the background, the story of the Libyan flag and its colours is a vivid one imprinted on our hearts and carefully treasured and passed by father to son from one generation to an other. It is the story of lifelong struggle and reward, the story of innocent lives and pure blood shed in the cause of freedom, liberation, and defence of our country, the story of the painful past, with its dark lonely night and the smiling future with peace and plenty for the whole nation, the story of life itself, evolution and progress, development and change, the bright future, the noble aims and the long march. The crescent is symbolic of the beginning of the lunar month according to the Moslem calendar. It brings back to our minds the story of Hijra (migration) of our prophet Mohammed from his home in order to spread Islam and teach the principles of right and virtue. The Star represents our smiling hope, the beauty of aim and object and the light of our belief in God, in our country, its dignity and honour which illuminate our way and puts an end to darkness. Every particle of soil in our dear country is soaked with the blood of innocent martyrs, every stone relates the story of continued struggle. They all stand as witness to the great sacrifices and the dear price paid for the sake of liberating our country. The flag of my country is likened to a narrator who will tell our story to the future generations, the story of the past, the present, and the bright days to come. Jos Poels 27 January 1997 The Sanussiyya leader became king and the Kingdom of Libya adopted a flag on 24 December 1951. On 7 September 1969 Gadaffi, Jallud and other young officers deposed the king and proclaimed the republic and the Pan-Arab flag (a red-white-black horizontal tricolour) was hoisted, at first unofficially and afterwards officially. On 1 January 1972 the yellow emblem (hawk of the Quraysh tribe) was added when Libya, Egypt and Syria formed the Federation of Arab Republics. In 1977 this flag was abolished in protest at the friendship between Sadat and Beguin and Sadat's visit to Jerusalem, but I think that a new flag was never officially adopted and use of the plain green flag remains provisional. Jaume Ollé, 29 September 1996 Construction sheet 1:2, image by Abdul-Jawad Elhusuni, 13 December 2011 [Click on image for full size version.] Roundel image by Esteban Rivera, 21 March 2011Image based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Libyan_Air_Force_roundel.svg The former roundel of the Libyan Air Force was the roundel of the Royal Libyan Air Force (Al Quwwat al Jawwiya al Malakiya al Libiyya). It most likely changed to the current roundel in 1970 when the name was changed to Libyan Arab Republic Air Force. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Air_Force#Cold_War The Fin flash was the flag of the Kingdom of Libya. Both claims (Roundel and Fin flash) can be corroborated on the following pictures of a Northrop's F-5 aircraft seen here: http://forum.keypublishing.co.uk/showthread.php?t=71092&highlight=f-5+libya (the aircraft on the picture is serial number 22551, verifiable to be dispatched to Libya as this source mentions so: http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/country-by-country/IRAN/Iranian_F_5_Serials.htm) Esteban Rivera, 21 March 2011 Flag of King Idris I Depiction in Flaggen und Wappen der Welt A-Z image by Karel Chobot Accepted around 1951, valid probably till the end of monarchy Source: Jiri Louda. Flaggen und Wappen der Welt A-Z. [lou72] Karel Chobot, 18 August 2003 Depiction in Flags of the World (1965) image by Martin Grieve, 13 August 2007 In Flags of The World 1965 by Barraclough [bar65], page 215, a different version is shown with the crescent and star being much smaller. The crown is of a different (although quite similar) style. Of the Lybian National flag 1951-1969, it is written: The black stripe and its charges were from the black flag which the king had adopted when he was proclaimed Amir of Cyrenaica in 1947;the red stripe represents Fezzen, and the green Tripolitania. The flag of the Amir mentioned above, with the addition of a white crown in the upper hoist, became the Royal Standard of the Amir when he became King of the United Kingdom of Libya. Martin Grieve, 13 August 2007

The Fifth Regiment's new regimental color was not the only example of former Confederates perpetuating and thereby popularizing the use of the red and white Crossland colors and the cross botonee design. The monument on Culps' Hill at the Gettysburg Battlefield commemorating the Second Maryland Infantry, CSA carries a cross botonee on each face, and the Maryland Line Confederate Soldiers' Home, established in Pikesville in 1888, featured a large cross botonee over the main gate. Confederate veterans' organizations used the cross botonee on service badges and on invitations to events they sponsored. Beginning a custom that would later be officially recognized by law, the Fifth Regiment by 1905 had replaced the silver eagle on the flagstaff bearing its regimental color with a cross botonee.

In addition on the information by Vincent Morley above, here is information on the Libyan 1951 flag from that time and from the country itself:

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Nations tend to create a halo of legends and tales around their flags which in fact reflects the procession of events and developments through which a country has passed. Libya is no different in this respect. Our coloured flag fluttering high in the sky is a source of pride which we associate with many episodes of chivalry and glory. In the words of a well known Arab poet "Our deeds are the colour of white, our battles of black, our meadows of green and our swords of red."

The crescent is symbolic of the beginning of the lunar month according to the Moslem calendar. It brings back to our minds the story of Hijra (migration) of our prophet Mohammed from his home in order to spread Islam and teach the principles of right and virtue.

Though books and journals say very little about the background, the story of the Libyan flag and its colours is a vivid one imprinted on our hearts and carefully treasured and passed by father to son from one generation to an other. It is the story of lifelong struggle and reward, the story of innocent lives and pure blood shed in the cause of freedom, liberation, and defence of our country, the story of the painful past, with its dark lonely night and the smiling future with peace and plenty for the whole nation, the story of life itself, evolution and progress, development and change, the bright future, the noble aims and the long march.

In Flags of The World 1965 by Barraclough [bar65], page 215, a different version is shown with the crescent and star being much smaller. The crown is of a different (although quite similar) style. Of the Lybian National flag 1951-1969, it is written:

The national flag shall have the following dimensions: Its length shall be twice its breadth, it shall be divided into three parallel coloured stripes, the uppermost being red, the centre black and the lowest green, the black stripe shall be equal in area to the two other stripes and shall bear in its centre a white crescent, between the two extremities of which there shall be a five-pointed white star.

As the slow process of reconciliation took place in post-Civil War Maryland, a new symbol emerged. A flag incorporating alternating quadrants of the Calvert and Crossland colors began appearing at public events. While the design derived directly from the seventeenth-century Calvert family coat of arms, for Marylanders of the 1880s the new banner must have conveyed a powerful message. The passage of time had gradually diminished the passions of former Rebels and Yankees, permitting them to work together once again. Now the colors they had fought under had come together as well, symbolically representing through this new flag the reunion of all the state's citizens.

The source is the booklet The Libyan Flag & The National Anthem issued by the Ministry of Information and Guidance of the Kingdom of Libya. (Publication date unknown).

By the end of the Civil War, therefore, both the yellow and black Calvert arms and the red and white colors and botonee cross design of the Crossland arms were clearly identified with Maryland, although they represented opposing sides in the conflict. As officers and soldiers returned home after the war to resume their peacetime occupations, the greatest challenge facing the country was reconciliation. Nowhere was the problem more serious than in deeply divided Maryland, where veterans who had fought under the red and white secession colors" had to be reintegrated into a state that had remained true to the Union.

In 1904 the General Assembly affirmed the popular support shown for a banner composed of alternating Calvert and Crossland quadrants by declaring it the state flag. In 1945 a gold cross botonee was made the official ornament for a flagstaff carrying the Maryland flag.

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During the war, Maryland-born Confederate soldiers used both the red and white colors and the cross botonee design from the Crossland quadrants of the Calvert coat of arms as a unique way of identifying their place of birth. Pins in the cross botonee shape were worn on uniforms, and the headquarters flag of the Maryland-born Confederate general Bradley T. Johnson was a red cross botonee on a white field.

The Star represents our smiling hope, the beauty of aim and object and the light of our belief in God, in our country, its dignity and honour which illuminate our way and puts an end to darkness.

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The Maryland flag, shown on a staff properly ornamented with a gold cross botonee, is therefore much more than a symbol of state sovereignty. The flag excels as a state banner because it commemorates the vision of the founders while it reminds us of the struggle to preserve the Union. It is a unique symbol of challenges met and loyalties restored, a flag of unity and reconciliation for all the state's citizens.

The Calvert family coat of arms was reintroduced in Maryland in an 1854 law that called for a new great seal based on the Calvert design. The seal created pursuant to this act contained several inaccuracies, and in 1876 the General Assembly provided for a new great seal that conformed closely to the Calvert original. Reintroduction of the Calvert coat of arms on the great seal of the state was followed by a reappearance at public events of banners in the yellow and black Calvert family colors. Called the "Maryland colors" or "Baltimore colors", these yellow and black banners lacked official sanction of the General Assembly, but appear to have quickly become popular with the public as a unique and readily identifiable symbol of Maryland and its long history.

The flag of the Amir mentioned above, with the addition of a white crown in the upper hoist, became the Royal Standard of the Amir when he became King of the United Kingdom of Libya.

Despite the antiquity of its design, the Maryland flag is of post-Civil War origin. Throughout the colonial period, only the yellow and black Calvert family colors are mentioned in descriptions of the Maryland flag. After independence, the use of the Calvert family colors was discontinued. Various banners were used to represent the state, although none was adopted officially as a state flag. By the Civil War, the most common Maryland flag design probably consisted of the great seal of the state on a blue background. These blue banners were flown at least until the late 1890s.

True to its heritage, the original Fifth Regiment consisted primarily of Maryland-born former Confederate officers and soldiers. The new regimental color adopted in 1889, combining the traditional yellow and black "Maryland colors" with the red and white "secession colors" in the form of a botonee cross, must have seemed especially appropriate to members of the Fifth. The colors symbolically represented what had happened to the Fifth Regiment itself in the quarter century since the Civil War. Originally denounced as a "Rebel Brigade", the Fifth had by the 1870s become Maryland's premier military organization, attracting Union veterans as well as former Confederates. From its inception, the Fifth Regiment had demonstrated through its prominent participation in public events and with its summer encampments in the north that former Confederates could be good soldiers and loyal citizens of the state and the nation.

The Sanussiyya leader became king and the Kingdom of Libya adopted a flag on 24 December 1951. On 7 September 1969 Gadaffi, Jallud and other young officers deposed the king and proclaimed the republic and the Pan-Arab flag (a red-white-black horizontal tricolour) was hoisted, at first unofficially and afterwards officially. On 1 January 1972 the yellow emblem (hawk of the Quraysh tribe) was added when Libya, Egypt and Syria formed the Federation of Arab Republics. In 1977 this flag was abolished in protest at the friendship between Sadat and Beguin and Sadat's visit to Jerusalem, but I think that a new flag was never officially adopted and use of the plain green flag remains provisional. Jaume Ollé, 29 September 1996

Neither the designer nor the date of origin of this new Maryland flag is certain, but a banner in this form was known at least by October 1880. Flags incorporating four quadrants alternating between the yellow and black Calvert arms and the red and white Crossland arms appear in published sketches by Frank B. Mayer depicting the huge 150th birthday parade held in Baltimore that month. Eight years later, in October 1888, a large flag with the alternating Calvert and Crossland colors was carried by Maryland National Guard troops escorting Governor Elihu E. Jackson at the dedication ceremonies for the Maryland monument at the Gettysburg Battlefield. A year later, in October 1889, the Fifth Regiment, Maryland National Guard, adopted a flag in this form as its regimental color. The Fifth Regiment thereby became the first organization to adopt officially what is today the Maryland flag.

This is the flag adopted by Libya on independence in 1951. The flag continued in use until the overthrow of the monarchy in the military coup of 1969. The stripes represent the three constituent provinces of Cyrenaique (black), Fezzan (red) and Tripolitania (green). The colours are those of the Arab revolt flag. Vicent Morley 27 January 1997

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The red and white Crossland arms gained popularity in quite a different way. Probably because the yellow and black "Maryland colors" were popularly identified with a state which, reluctantly or not, remained in the Union, Marylanders who sympathized with the South adopted the red and white of the Crossland arms as their colors. Following Lincoln's election in 1861, red and white "secession colors" appeared on everything from yarn stockings and cravats to children's clothing. People displaying these red and white symbols of resistance to the Union and to Lincoln's policies were vigorously prosecuted by Federal authorities.

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The flag is an emblem of the state symbolic of sovereignty and fortitude. It is flown high and free on buildings and offices in main streets and by-roads, on Libyan Embassies abroad, at the U.N. porticos and international conferences or at celebrations in which the State is represented.