lowest 10%: 4.3% (2021 est.)highest 10%: 22.1% (2021 est.)note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Armed Forces of the Republic of Moldova (Forțele Armate ale Republicii Moldova): National Army (comprised of a General Staff, a Land Forces Command, and an Air Force Command)Ministry of Internal Affairs: General Carabinieri Inspectorate (aka Carabinieri Troops or Trupele de Carabinieri), General Police Inspectorate (GPI), General Inspectorate of the Border Police (2024)note: the Carabinieri is a quasi-militarized gendarmerie responsible for protecting public buildings, maintaining public order, and other national security functions; the GPI is the primary law enforcement body, responsible for internal security, public order, traffic, and criminal investigations; prior to 2012, the Border Police were under the armed forces and known as the Border Troops

limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and possibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity

A large portion of present-day Moldovan territory became a province of the Russian Empire in 1812 and then unified with Romania in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I. This territory was then incorporated into the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although Moldova has been independent from the Soviet Union since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru River in the breakaway region of Transnistria.

the National Army is responsible for defense against external aggression, suppressing illegal military violence along the state border or inside the country, and supporting other internal security forces in maintaining public order if necessary; its primary focuses are Transnistrian separatist forces and their Russian backers; the 1992 war between Moldovan forces and the Transnistrian separatists backed by Russian troops ended with a cease-fire; the separatists maintain several armed paramilitary combat units, plus other security forces and reserves; Russia maintains approximately 1,500 troops in the breakaway region, including some Transnistrian locals who serve as Russian troops; some of those troops are under the authority of a peacekeeping force known as a Joint Control Commission that also includes Moldovan and separatist personnel, while the remainder of the Russian contingent guard a depot of Soviet-era ammunition and train Transnistrian separatist forcesMoldova is constitutionally neutral but has maintained a relationship with NATO since 1992; bilateral cooperation started when Moldova joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1994; Moldova has contributed small numbers of troops to NATO’s Kosovo Force (KFOR) since 2014, and a civilian NATO liaison office was established in Moldova in 2017 at the request of the Moldovan Government to promote practical cooperation and facilitate support (2024)

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chief of mission: Ambassador Kent D. LOGSDON (since 16 February 2022)embassy: 103 Mateevici Street, Chisinau MD-2009mailing address: 7080 Chisinau Place, Washington DC  20521-7080telephone: [373] (22) 408-300FAX: [373] (22) 233-044email address and website: ChisinauACS@state.govhttps://md.usembassy.gov/

pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, the largest being in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti

fossil fuels: 90.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)solar: 0.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)wind: 1.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)hydroelectricity: 5.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)biomass and waste: 0.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

$9.867 billion (2023 est.)$10.265 billion (2022 est.)$7.915 billion (2021 est.)note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

-$1.974 billion (2023 est.)-$2.482 billion (2022 est.)-$1.699 billion (2021 est.)note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

wheat, maize, sunflower seeds, grapes, sugar beets, apples, milk, potatoes, barley, plums (2022)note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

conventional long form: Republic of Moldovaconventional short form: Moldovalocal long form: Republica Moldovalocal short form: Moldovaformer: Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republicetymology: named for the Moldova River in neighboring eastern Romania

refined petroleum, natural gas, cars, plastic products, insulated wire (2022)note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

citizenship by birth: nocitizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Moldovadual citizenship recognized: noresidency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

municipal: 160 million cubic meters (2020 est.)industrial: 580 million cubic meters (2020 est.)agricultural: 60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

7.319 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)from coal and metallurgical coke: 293,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)from petroleum and other liquids: 3.035 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)from consumed natural gas: 3.991 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, CIS, EAEU (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTOnote: Moldova is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership

three equal vertical bands of Prussian blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of dark gold (brown) outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized aurochs head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow; based on the color scheme of the flag of Romania - with which Moldova shares a history and culture - but Moldova's blue band is lighter; the reverse of the flag displays a mirrored image of the coat of armsnote: one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Paraguay and Saudi Arabia

history: previous 1978; latest adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994amendments: proposed by voter petition (at least 200,000 eligible voters), by at least one third of Parliament members, or by the government; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament within one year of initial proposal; revisions to constitutional articles on sovereignty, independence, and neutrality require majority vote by referendum; articles on fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2018

Dunărea (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Nistru (Dniester) (shared with Ukraine [s/m]) - 1,411 km note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Dunărea (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Nistru (Dniester) (shared with Ukraine [s/m]) - 1,411 km note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

household consumption: 85.3% (2023 est.)government consumption: 18.1% (2023 est.)investment in fixed capital: 19.7% (2023 est.)investment in inventories: 1.1% (2023 est.)exports of goods and services: 35.5% (2023 est.)imports of goods and services: -59.6% (2023 est.)note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Romania 23%, Russia 11%, Ukraine 10%, China 8%, Turkey 7% (2022)note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

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name: Chisinau in Romanian (Kishinev in Russian)geographic coordinates: 47 00 N, 28 51 Etime difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in Octoberetymology: origin unclear but may derive from the archaic Romanian word chisla ("spring" or "water source") and noua ("new") because the original settlement was built at the site of a small springnote: pronounced KEE-shee-now (KIH-shi-nyov)

agricultural land: 74.9% (2018 est.)arable land: 55.1% (2018 est.)permanent crops: 9.1% (2018 est.)permanent pasture: 10.7% (2018 est.)forest: 11.9% (2018 est.)other: 13.2% (2018 est.)

pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, the largest being in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti

12.27% of GDP (2023 est.)14.04% of GDP (2022 est.)15.48% of GDP (2021 est.)note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

total: 7.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)beer: 1.53 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)wine: 3.57 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)spirits: 2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)other alcohols: 0.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Years of Communist Party rule in Moldova from 2001 to 2009 ultimately ended with election-related violent protests and a rerun of parliamentary elections in 2009. A series of pro-Europe ruling coalitions governed Moldova from 2010 to 2019, but pro-Russia candidate Igor DODON won the presidency in 2016, and his Socialist Party of the Republic of Moldova won a plurality in the legislative election in 2019. Pro-EU reformist candidate Maia SANDU defeated DODON in his reelection bid in 2020, and SANDU's Party of Action and Solidarity won a parliamentary majority in an early legislative election in 2021. Prime Minister Natalia GAVRILITA and her cabinet took office in 2021. In early 2023, Moldova's parliament confirmed a new cabinet led by Prime Minister Dorin RECEAN, which retained the majority of the former ministers.

raions: Anenii Noi, Basarabeasca, Briceni, Cahul, Cantemir, Calarasi, Causeni, Cimislia, Criuleni, Donduseni, Drochia, Dubasari, Edinet, Falesti, Floresti, Glodeni, Hincesti, Ialoveni, Leova, Nisporeni, Ocnita, Orhei, Rezina, Riscani, Singerei, Soldanesti, Soroca, Stefan Voda, Straseni, Taraclia, Telenesti, Ungheni

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description: unicameral Parliament (101 seats; 51 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 50 members directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by closed party-list proportional representation vote; all members serve 4-year termselections: last held on 11 July 2021 (next to be held in July 2025)election results: percent of vote by party - PAS 52.8%, BECS 27.1%, SOR 5.7%, other 14.4%; seats by party - PAS 63, BECS 32, SOR 6; composition - men 58, women 40, percent of women 40.8%

32 raions (raioane, singular - raion), 3 municipalities (municipii, singular - municipiul), 1 autonomous territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala autonoma), and 1 territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala)

number of registered air carriers: 6 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 21annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,135,999 (2018)annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 640,000 (2018) mt-km

particulate matter emissions: 12.37 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)carbon dioxide emissions: 5.12 megatons (2016 est.)methane emissions: 3.29 megatons (2020 est.)

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32 raions (raioane, singular - raion), 3 municipalities (municipii, singular - municipiul), 1 autonomous territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala autonoma), and 1 territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala) raions: Anenii Noi, Basarabeasca, Briceni, Cahul, Cantemir, Calarasi, Causeni, Cimislia, Criuleni, Donduseni, Drochia, Dubasari, Edinet, Falesti, Floresti, Glodeni, Hincesti, Ialoveni, Leova, Nisporeni, Ocnita, Orhei, Rezina, Riscani, Singerei, Soldanesti, Soroca, Stefan Voda, Straseni, Taraclia, Telenesti, Ungheni municipalities: Balti, Bender, Chisinau autonomous territorial unit: Gagauzia territorial unit: Stinga Nistrului (Transnistria)

$5.453 billion (2023 est.)$4.474 billion (2022 est.)$3.902 billion (2021 est.)note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

A large portion of present-day Moldovan territory became a province of the Russian Empire in 1812 and then unified with Romania in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I. This territory was then incorporated into the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although Moldova has been independent from the Soviet Union since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru River in the breakaway region of Transnistria. Years of Communist Party rule in Moldova from 2001 to 2009 ultimately ended with election-related violent protests and a rerun of parliamentary elections in 2009. A series of pro-Europe ruling coalitions governed Moldova from 2010 to 2019, but pro-Russia candidate Igor DODON won the presidency in 2016, and his Socialist Party of the Republic of Moldova won a plurality in the legislative election in 2019. Pro-EU reformist candidate Maia SANDU defeated DODON in his reelection bid in 2020, and SANDU's Party of Action and Solidarity won a parliamentary majority in an early legislative election in 2021. Prime Minister Natalia GAVRILITA and her cabinet took office in 2021. In early 2023, Moldova's parliament confirmed a new cabinet led by Prime Minister Dorin RECEAN, which retained the majority of the former ministers. Â

installed generating capacity: 625,000 kW (2022 est.)consumption: 5.579 billion kWh (2022 est.)exports: 94 million kWh (2022 est.)imports: 936 million kWh (2022 est.)transmission/distribution losses: 576.529 million kWh (2022 est.)

improved: urban: 99% of populationrural: 83.1% of populationtotal: 89.9% of populationunimproved: urban: 1% of populationrural: 16.9% of populationtotal: 10.1% of population (2020 est.)

general assessment: the telecom market has been affected by a combination of high unemployment and economic difficulties which have led to constraints on consumer spending; Moldova’s aspirations to join the EU have encouraged the government and regulator to adopt a range of measures to bring the country’s telecoms sector into line with EU principles and standards; in July 2017 the Electronic Communications Act was amended to accommodate the 2009 European regulatory framework, while further amendments were adopted in December 2017 and additional changes were proposed in 2019; Moldova is also part of the Eastern Partnership group of countries, and as such has set in train a glidepath to reducing roaming charges, effective between 2022 and 2026; the country’s broadband strategy through to 2025 has been supported by the ITU and industry counterparts from Korea; the internet market is developing rapidly, and though the penetration rate is well below the average for most European countries there are many opportunities for further development; the number of cable broadband subscribers is increasing steadily, though fiber is now by far the strongest sector; by the end of 2020 fiber accounted for about 72.3% of all fixed broadband connections; the mobile market has also grown rapidly, and the sector accounts for the majority of total telecoms revenue; the launch of LTE services has opened up a new revenue growth opportunity centered on mobile broadband; the near comprehensive geographical reach of their mobile networks, market brand recognition and existing customer relationships will make for steady subscriber growth in coming years (2024)domestic: fixed-line service is 29 per 100; mobile cellular tele density is 127 per 100 persons (2022)international: country code - 373; service through Romania and Russia via landline; satellite earth stations - at least 3 - Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol

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Moldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar -Exchange rates:18.164 (2023 est.)18.897 (2022 est.)17.68 (2021 est.)17.322 (2020 est.)17.573 (2019 est.)

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state-owned national radio-TV broadcaster operates 1 TV and 1 radio station; a total of nearly 70 terrestrial TV channels and some 50 radio stations are in operation; Russian and Romanian channels also are available (2019)

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chief of mission: Ambassador Viorel URSU (since 12 December 2022)chancery: 2101 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 667-1130FAX: [1] (202) 667-2624email address and website: washington@mfa.gov.mdhttps://sua.mfa.gov.md/en

sugar processing, vegetable oil, food processing, agricultural machinery; foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines; hosiery, shoes, textiles

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agricultural land: 74.9% (2018 est.)arable land: 55.1% (2018 est.)permanent crops: 9.1% (2018 est.)permanent pasture: 10.7% (2018 est.)forest: 11.9% (2018 est.)other: 13.2% (2018 est.)

Romania 27%, Ukraine 15%, Italy 7%, Turkey 6%, Germany 5% (2022)note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

heavy use of agricultural chemicals has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive soil erosion and declining soil fertility from poor farming methods

agriculture: 7.6% (2023 est.)industry: 17.4% (2023 est.)services: 61.1% (2023 est.)note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

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total dependency ratio: 39.6youth dependency ratio: 29.7elderly dependency ratio: 20.4potential support ratio: 4.9 (2021 est.)

$5.865 billion (2023 est.)$5.981 billion (2022 est.)$4.197 billion (2021 est.)note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

municipal solid waste generated annually: 3,981,200 tons (2015 est.)municipal solid waste recycled annually: 609,920 tons (2015 est.)percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 15.3% (2015 est.)

the telecom market has been affected by a combination of high unemployment and economic difficulties which have led to constraints on consumer spending; Moldova’s aspirations to join the EU have encouraged the government and regulator to adopt a range of measures to bring the country’s telecoms sector into line with EU principles and standards; in July 2017 the Electronic Communications Act was amended to accommodate the 2009 European regulatory framework, while further amendments were adopted in December 2017 and additional changes were proposed in 2019; Moldova is also part of the Eastern Partnership group of countries, and as such has set in train a glidepath to reducing roaming charges, effective between 2022 and 2026; the country’s broadband strategy through to 2025 has been supported by the ITU and industry counterparts from Korea; the internet market is developing rapidly, and though the penetration rate is well below the average for most European countries there are many opportunities for further development; the number of cable broadband subscribers is increasing steadily, though fiber is now by far the strongest sector; by the end of 2020 fiber accounted for about 72.3% of all fixed broadband connections; the mobile market has also grown rapidly, and the sector accounts for the majority of total telecoms revenue; the launch of LTE services has opened up a new revenue growth opportunity centered on mobile broadband; the near comprehensive geographical reach of their mobile networks, market brand recognition and existing customer relationships will make for steady subscriber growth in coming years

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comparison rankings: transmission/distribution losses 83; imports 78; exports 88; consumption 129; installed generating capacity 147

18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; male registration required at age 16; 12-month service obligation (2024)note: as of 2024, women made up about 23% of the military's full-time personnel

improved: urban: 98.9% of populationrural: 87% of populationtotal: 92.1% of populationunimproved: urban: 1.1% of populationrural: 13% of populationtotal: 7.9% of population (2020 est.)

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chief of state: President Maia SANDU (since 24 December 2020)head of government: Prime Minister Dorin RECEAN (since 16 February 2023)cabinet: Cabinet proposed by the prime minister-designate, nominated by the president, approved through a vote of confidence in Parliamentelections/appointments: president directly elected for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 15 November 2020 (next to be held in fall 2024); prime minister designated by the president upon consultation with Parliament; within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate must request a vote of confidence for his/her proposed work program from the Parliamentelection results: 2020: Maia SANDU elected president in second round; percent of vote in second round - Maia SANDU (PAS) 57.7%, Igor DODON (PSRM) 42.3%2016: Igor DODON elected president in second round; percent of vote - Igor DODON (PSRM) 52.1%, Maia SANDU (PAS) 47.9%

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highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the chief judge, 3 deputy-chief judges, 45 judges, and 7 assistant judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 6 judges); note - the Constitutional Court is autonomous to the other branches of government; the Court interprets the Constitution and reviews the constitutionality of parliamentary laws and decisions, decrees of the president, and acts of the governmentjudge selection and term of office: Supreme Court of Justice judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistracy, an 11-member body of judicial officials; all judges serve 4-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed 2 each by Parliament, the president, and the Higher Council of Magistracy for 6-year terms; court president elected by other court judges for a 3-year termsubordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Court of Business Audit; municipal courts

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at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.89 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

upper middle-income Eastern European economy; sustained growth reversed by COVID-19; significant remittances; Russian energy and regional dependence; agricultural exporter; declining workforce due to emigration and low fertility

production: 10,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)consumption: 2.344 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)imports: 2.344 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Moldovan/Romanian 80.2% (official) (56.7% Moldovan; 23.5% Romanian), Russian 9.7%, Gagauz 4.2% (a Turkish language), Ukrainian 3.9%, Bulgarian 1.5%, Romani 0.3%, other 0.2% (2014)major-language sample(s): Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Moldovan/Romanian)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.note: data represent mother tongue; as of March 2023, "Romanian" replaced "Moldovan" as the name of Moldova's official language

refined petroleum, insulated wire, garments, seed oils, corn (2022)note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

the military's inventory is limited and almost entirely comprised of older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; in recent years, it has received donated equipment from other nations, including the US (2024)

0-14 years: 14.8% (male 266,493/female 266,166)15-64 years: 70.2% (male 1,225,535/female 1,300,640)65 years and over: 15% (2024 est.) (male 206,221/female 334,473)